Validación de un método mul-tirresiduo para la determinación de medicamentos veterinarios en trucha y langostino

Este estudio se realizó con el objetivo de desarrollar y validar un método para la determinación de 30 medicamentos veterinarios en muestras de trucha y langostino. El método utiliza extracción en fase sólida dispersiva (dSPE) con C18 y detección por cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Se determinó linealidad, veracidad (porcentaje de recuperación), repetitividad y reproducibilidad intralaboratorio (porcentaje de desviación estándar relativa (% RSD)), límites de detección (LoD), límites de cuantificación (LoQ), selectividad e incertidumbre. La recuperación varió de 70 a 120% y la repetibilidad y la reproducibilidad fueron menores de 20% de la desviación estándar relativa. La selectividad fue adecuada, sin picos interferentes. Las relaciones iónicas cumplieron con los criterios de confirmación. Los coeficientes de determinación (R2) fueron mayores de 0,99, con excepción de la sulfaquinoxalina en langostino (R2 = 0,97). Los LoD y los LoQ variaron entre 0,6 µg/kg y 12,8 µg /kg y los valores de incertidumbre entre 6 µg/kg y 49 µg/ kg. Se analizaron adicionalmente 6 muestras de diferentes mercados de Lima y se detectaron trazas de algunos medicamentos incluidos en el ensayo. El método es adecuado para el análisis de residuos de medicamentos veterinarios y se recomienda su aplicación en los programas nacionales de monitoreo de la inocuidad de truchas y langostinos provenientes de acuicultura.

The study was aimed at developing and validate an analysis method to determine residues of 30 veterinary drugs in rainbow trout and shrimp specimens. The method involves extraction in dispersive solid phase with C18 and the subsequent detection through liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Validation was done through determination of linearity, trueness (% of recovery), repeatability and intralaboratory reproducibility, limits of detection (LoD), limits of quantification (LoQ) selectivity and uncertainty. Recovery ranged from 70 to 120% and repeatability and intralaboratory reproducibility were lower than 20%. Selectivity was adequate, without interference peaks. Likewise, the ionic relationships met the confirmation criteria. The linearity was adequate, with determination coefficients (R2) above 0.99, except for sulfaquinolaxin in shrimp specimens (R2 = 0,97). LoD and LoQ varied from 0,6 µg /kg to 12,8 µg / kg. Limits of uncertainty ranged from 6 µg /kg to 49 µg /kg. The method was used to analyze 6 samples from different markets in Lima (Peru), identifying traces of some drugs included in the study. Our results show that the method is adequate for the analysis of veterinary drug residues and allow us to recommend its application in national monitoring programs, to assess the safety of rainbow trout and shrimp specimens from aquaculture.

O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de desenvolver e validar um método para a determinação de 30 medicamentos veterinários, em amostras de truta e camarão. O método utiliza extração dispersiva em fase sólida com C18 e detecção por cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Foram determinados a linearidade, a veracidade (recuperação percentual), a repetibilidade, a reprodutibilidade intra-laboratorial, os limites de detecção (LoD) e de quantificação (LoQ), a linearidade, a selectividade e a incerteza. A recuperação variou de 70 a 120%, a repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade estiveram abaixo do 20% do desvio padrão relativo. A selectividade fio adequada, sem picos de interferentes. As proporções de íons atenderam aos critérios de confirmação. Os coeficientes de determinação (R2) foram superiores a 0,99, com excepção da sulfanoxalina em camarão (R2 = 0,97). LoD e LoQ variavam entre 0,6 µg /kg e 12,8 µg /kg e valores de incerteza entre 6 µg /kg e 49 µg / kg. Seis amostras de mercados do Lima foram adicionalmente analisadas e foram detectados vestígios de alguns medicamentos incluídos no estudo. O método é adequado para o análise de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários e sua aplicação é recomendada em programas nacionais de controlo da segurança da truta e do camarão provenientes da aquicultura.

Medicamentos sobrantes y caducados en el hogar ¿su almacenaje y desecho representan un problema de salud pública? / Leftover and expired medicines in households: Is their storage and disposal a public health problem?

RESUMEN Los medicamentos sobrantes y caducados en el hogar deberían ser eliminados de una manera que garantice la seguridad de la población, y que tenga un impacto negativo mínimo en el medio ambiente. Desde esta perspectiva se desarrolló el presente estudio cuyo objetivo fue conocer las prácticas de desecho de medicamentos del botiquín familiar en estudiantes de medicina en Quito-Ecuador. Entre diciembre de 2018 y enero de 2019, se encuestaron 498 estudiantes de diferentes semestres, y se evidenció que hasta un 30,3% de estudiantes alguna vez desechó los medicamentos a través del inodoro, y un 7,2% reconoció que sacaba los medicamentos del empaque primario, para depositarlos en la basura común. Como objetivo secundario se analizaron los medicamentos caducados y sobrantes del botiquín familiar de los encuestados. Se encontró que los medicamentos más frecuentes fueron metformina, seguido por acetaminofén, espironolactona e ibuprofeno. El estudio muestra la necesidad de desarrollar estrategias multisectoriales para la implementación de políticas sobre el desecho doméstico, las cuales permitirán controlar, y en el mejor de los casos, disminuir el impacto negativo tanto ambiental como en salud pública.

ABSTRACT: Leftover and expired medicines in households must be disposed of in such a way as to ensure the population's safety, while generating the lowest possible negative impact on the environment. In this context, the aim of this study was to explore drug disposal practices related to home medicine cabinets among medical students in Quito, Ecuador. Between December 2018 and January 2019, 498 students from different semesters were surveyed. Data show that up to 30.3% of students had flushed their medicines down the toilet at least once, while 7.2% acknowledged that they had removed the medicines from their packaging to deposit them in a household garbage disposal. A secondary aim of the study was to analyze expired and leftover drugs in participants' medicine cabinets. Metformin was the most common medication found, followed by acetaminophen, spironolactone, and ibuprofen. This study shows the urgent need to develop multisectoral strategies for the implementation of policies on pharmaceutical domestic waste, which will make it possible to control and reduce the negative impact on both the environment and public health.

Measurement of residual radioactivity in postoperative inpatients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma after 131I treatment using robot / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the residual radioactivity after 131I treatment in postoperative inpatients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) using service robot in nuclear medicine ward, and assess the time for patients to be released from isolation.@*Methods@#From September 2017 to June 2018, 297 patients (94 males, 203 females, age: 19-80 years) with DTC who underwent 131I treatment after surgery were included. According to the purpose of treatment and the prescription dosage of 131I, patients were divided into 8 groups: 4 groups accepted 131I remnant ablation therapy (RAT) with different dosages, which were 3 700 MBq (RAT1, n=34), 4 440 MBq (RAT2, n=122), 5 550 MBq (RAT3, n=81) and 7 400 MBq (RAT4, n=27), respectively; 4 groups had 131I treatment for recurrent/metastatic lesions (RMLT), and the dosages were 3 700 MBq (n=1), 4 440 MBq (n=2), 5 550 MBq (n=14) and 7 400 MBq (n=16). At 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after 131I administration, the dose equivalent rates at 2 cm away from the patient′s neck and at 1 m away from the body were measured by the robot designed for nuclear medicine ward. Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the data.@*Results@#Neck dose equivalent rates for patients with RAT at different time points (4, 24, 48 and 72 h) after 131I administration were significantly different among 4 groups (H values: 20.889-46.410, all P<0.05), as well as the body dose equivalent rates (H values: 27.181-35.497, all P<0.05). The neck dose equivalent rates at 24, 48 and 72 h after 131I administration were statistically different between group 3 and 4 for patients with RMLT (z values: 2.328-3.076, all P<0.05; data in group 1 and 2 were too limited to be compared), while there was no statistical difference for the body dose equivalent rates (z values: 0.333-1.621, all P>0.05). The radioactivity retention in patients decreased rapidly within 24 h, then slowed down gradually and became extremely low at 72 h. At 72 h after 131I administration, 96.6%(255/264) patients with RAT and 100%(33/33) patients with RMLT were lower than 23.3 μSv/h, which meant the patients could be discharged from hospitalization.@*Conclusions@#Nuclear medicine ward service robots may dynamically measure residual radioactivity in DTC patients who take 131I treatment, providing individualized isolation solutions.

Measurement of residual radioactivity in postoperative inpatients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma after 131 I treatment using robot / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective To evaluate the residual radioactivity after 131 I treatment in postoperative in-patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma ( DTC) using service robot in nuclear medicine ward, and as-sess the time for patients to be released from isolation. Methods From September 2017 to June 2018, 297 patients ( 94 males, 203 females, age:19-80 years) with DTC who underwent 131 I treatment after surgery were included. According to the purpose of treatment and the prescription dosage of 131 I, patients were divid-ed into 8 groups:4 groups accepted 131 I remnant ablation therapy ( RAT) with different dosages, which were 3700 MBq ( RAT1, n=34) , 4440 MBq ( RAT2, n=122) , 5550 MBq ( RAT3, n=81) and 7400 MBq ( RAT4, n=27) , respectively;4 groups had 131 I treatment for recurrent/metastatic lesions ( RMLT) , and the dosages were 3700 MBq ( n=1) , 4440 MBq ( n=2) , 5550 MBq ( n=14) and 7400 MBq ( n=16) . At 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after 131 I administration, the dose equivalent rates at 2 cm away from the patient's neck and at 1 m away from the body were measured by the robot designed for nuclear medicine ward. Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the data. Results Neck dose equivalent rates for patients with RAT at different time points ( 4, 24, 48 and 72 h) after 131 I administration were significantly different among 4 groups (H values:20.889-46.410, all P<0.05), as well as the body dose equivalent rates (H values:27.181-35.497, all P<0.05). The neck dose equivalent rates at 24, 48 and 72 h after 131 I administration were statistically different between group 3 and 4 for patients with RMLT ( z values:2.328-3.076, all P<0.05;data in group 1 and 2 were too limited to be compared) , while there was no statistical difference for the body dose equivalent rates (z values:0.333-1.621, all P>0.05). The radioactivity retention in patients decreased rapidly within 24 h, then slowed down gradually and became ex-tremely low at 72 h. At 72 h after 131I administration, 96.6％(255/264) patients with RAT and 100％(33/33) patients with RMLT were lower than 23.3 μSv/h, which meant the patients could be discharged from hospitalization. Conclusions Nuclear medicine ward service robots may dynamically measure residual radi-oactivity in DTC patients who take 131 I treatment, providing individualized isolation solutions.

Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics models of veterinary antimicrobial agents

Misuse and abuse of veterinary antimicrobial agents have led to an alarming increase in bacterial resistance, clinical treatment failure, and drug residues. To address these problems, consistent and appropriate dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents are needed. Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) models have been widely used to establish rational dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents that can achieve effective prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases and avoid the development of bacterial resistance. This review introduces building methods for PK/PD models and describes current PK/PD research progress toward rational dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents. Finally, the challenges and prospects of PK/PD models in the design of dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents are reviewed. This review will help to increase awareness of PK/PD modeling among veterinarians and hopefully promote its development and future use.

Descarte Correto de Medicamentos: construção de uma cartilha educativa / Correct Drug Disposal: Educational Booklet Building

Objetivo: contribuir na orientação do descarte adequado de medicamentos através da elaboração de uma cartilha educativa direcionada a idosos. Método: Estudo descritivo e exploratório desenvolvido através da construção e validação de uma cartilha educativa realizado no serviço de geriatria de um hospital universitário da cidade de Porto Alegre. A construção da cartilha objetiva levar ao conhecimento dos idosos o impacto ambiental que os medicamentos descartados em locais inapropriados geram ao meio ambiente e assim conscientizá-los da importância do descarte em locais adequados. Para a validação, foram convidados idosos atendidos no serviço de geriatria de um hospital universitário e membros da equipe multiprofissional de saúde. Resultados: Participaram 6 membros da equipe da saúde e 45 idosos no processo de validação. Os idosos elogiaram a cartilha, mas não fizeram comentários adicionais ou de algum item do texto ou das imagens. Já os membros da equipe de saúde deram sugestões com exclusão de imagens, transformando a informação em texto, melhora na cor da letra para visualização e inclusão de conteúdo, tanto em relação aos locais de descarte quanto ao material que é descartado. Conclusão: Instrumentos educativos, como a cartilha elaborada e validada, auxiliam de forma concreta na conscientização do impacto que os medicamentos podem causar no meio ambiente, trazendo, a longo prazo, um grande benefício para a sociedade em geral.(AU)

Objective: Contribute to the orientation of the proper disposal of medications through the preparation of a educative booklet targeted at the elderly. Method: Descriptive and exploratory study developed through the construction and validation of a educative booklet carried out in the department of Geriatrics at a university hospital in the city of Porto Alegre. The booklet construction was developed considering the education about the environmental impact of the medicines and its appropriate disposal sites. Elderly patients that attended geriatrics department of the university hospital and members of the multiprofessional health team were invited for validation. Results: Six health team members and 45 non-validation participants have provided information to this ressearch. The seniors have only praised the primer, with no additional comments or exclusion exclusion of any item. Members of the health team, however, provided suggestions like the exclusion of images, to change the information into text, improvement on the colour scheme for better visualization and the inclusion of infomation content, about the propper disposal sites and also about the material which is discarted. Conclusion: Educational tools, such as the booklet designed and validated, help in a practical way in raising awareness of the impact that drugs can cause in the environment bringing, in the long term, a great benefit to society in general. (AU)

Determination of chloramphenicol and metronidazolel in honey by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with isotope-labelled internal standards / 中国食品卫生杂志

Objective To determine chloramphenicol and metronidazolel in honey by isotope-labelled internal standards ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Methods Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate solution,and cleaned up on a MCS cartridge.The target analytes were separated on a ZORBAX SB-C18column with gradient elution using a mobile phase made up of methanol and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution (containing 0.05％ formic acid).Detection was carried out using positive and negative electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM),and quantified with isotope internal standardmethod.Results The chloramphenicol and metronidazolel showed good linearity in the range of 0.05-5.00 ng/ml.The recovery at three spiked levels of 0.5,2.0 and 5.0 μg/kg were in the range of 79.3％-96.7％.The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 5.5％-14.8％.The limits of quantitation were 0.15 μg/kg,the limits of detection were 0.05 μg/kg.Conclusion The method is sensitive and accurate.It could be applied to the high-throughput analysis of chloramphenicol and metronidazolel.

Conocimientos y prácticas de pacientes sobre disposición de medicamentos no consumidos: aproximación a la ecofarmacovigilancia / Patients' knowledge and practices about unconsumed drugs disposal: an Approach to Ecopharmacovigilance

Objetivo Este estudio busca describir conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre disposición de medicamentos sobrantes (MS) y vencidos (MV). Métodos Estudio descriptivo en 392 pacientes en un Hospital de Bogotá. Resultados La edad fue de 17-86 años. 66,1 % tenía MS, de los cuales 31,4 % pertenece al sistema nervioso (clasificación Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical de la OMS). El 25,8 % dispone los MS en la Basura Corriente (BC) y 64,0 % disponen los MV en la BC. El 17,4 % cree que los MS y el 62,5 % que los MV deben botarse a la BC. El 4,9 % cree que los MS y el 6,6 % que los MV deben entregarse en sitios especializados. El 92,4 % no conoce los PDM y el 86,7 % los Puntos Azules; al 94,6 % le gustaría recibir información. El 79,1 % cree que los medicamentos desechados pueden afectar la salud y 88,8 % el ambiente. Conclusiones La mayoría de encuestados dispone inadecuadamente los medicamentos, cree que no está bien hacerlo así y que esto puede afectar negativamente el ambiente y la salud. Se observa interés por informarse, esto demuestra que hay un campo con posibilidades de sensibilización, información y educación desde la farmacovigilancia en beneficio de la población.(AU)

Objective To describe knowledge, attitudes and practices about remaining drugs (RD) and expired drugs (ED) disposal. Method Descriptive study in 392 patients at a hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. Results Participants were 17 to 86 years old. 66.1% of them had RD, 31.4 % were nervous system drugs (according to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification of WHO). 25.8 % of people dispose of RD in common waste (CW) and 64.0 % dispose of ED in CW. 17.4 % think RD, and 62.5 % think ED should be thrown away like CW. 4.9% of people think RD, and 6.6 % think ED should be thrown away in specialized places. 92.4 % people don't know about DRP nor 86.7 % about "Puntos Azules"; 94.6 % would like more information. 79.1 % think that throwing away drugs can affect health and, 88.8 %, the environment. Conclusions Most participants dispose of drugs inappropriately. They think that it is wrong and this can damage the environment and health. There is an interest in being informed. This reveals an area of possible work in awareness, information and education from pharmacovigilance about this subject for the benefit of the population.(AU)

Residuos de fármacos en alimentos de origen animal: panorama actual en Colombia / Resíduos de fármacos nos alimentos de origem animal: panorama atual na Colômbia / Drugs residues in foods of animal origin: actual prospect in Colombia

De acuerdo con los organismos mundiales de referencia, los residuos de fármacos en alimentos de origen animal son considerados como un factor de riesgo en la salud pública y como limitante en el desarrollo económico de cualquier país. Estas razones junto con el avance de metodologías analíticas cada vez más sensibles, han hecho que los requisitos de sanidad e inocuidad exigidos en los alimentos sean cada vez más estrictos, especialmente cuando el destino de los productos es la exportación. Colombia, en su continua intención por aumentar las ventas de sus productos en el exterior, se ha visto en la necesidad de reformar normas existentes, generar nuevas reglamentaciones, y renovar su capacidad tecnológica, con el fin de controlar los residuos de fármacos en alimentos de origen pecuario y de esta forma cumplir con las exigencias demandadas por los países con los que desea negociar. La presente revisión, expone aspectos importantes relacionados con esta clase de residuos: su regulación nacional e internacional, los principales efectos potenciales que tienen sobre la salud humana, la evaluación del riesgo, los métodos más comunes con los cuales pueden ser detectados y el estado actual de la investigación y el control de estos residuos en Colombia.

According to worldwide reference organizations, drugs residues in animal products are risk factors in public health and economic limit on any country. Besides, quality requirements demanded in exported food are higher with development of more sensible analytical methods. Promotion of native products to international markets is fundamental in Colombian policies; in deed it has been necessary reforming procedures, generating new regulations, and renewing technological capacity to control drug residues in food of animal origin in order to fulfill requirements demanded from interested countries. This review exposes several aspects related to drug residues on animal tissues: national and international regulations, effects on human health, analytical methods for detect them, risk assessment, control and current research in Colombia.

De acordo com os órgãos mundiais de referência, os resíduos de fármacos nos alimentos de origem animal são considerados como um fator de risco na saúde publica como limitante no desenvolvimento econômico de quaisquer pais. Estas razões junto com avanço das metodologias analíticas, tem feito que as exigências a sanidade e na inocuidade dos alimentos sejam mais severas, especialmente quando o destino dos produtos é a exportação. Colômbia, na sua procura por aumentar suas vendas no exterior, tem visto a necessidade de mudar as normas existentes, gerar novas regras e renovar sua tecnologia, com o propósito de controlar os resíduos de fármacos nos alimentos de origem animal e assim preencher com as exigências dos países consumidores dos seus produtos. Esta revisão apresenta aspectos relacionados com este tipo de resíduos: sua normatividade nacional e internacional, os efeitos potenciais que eles têm sobre a saúde humana, a avaliação do risco, os métodos mais freqüentes com que podem ser determinados e o estado atual das pesquisas no controle destes resíduos na Colômbia.

Safety Assessment and Limit Control for Solvent Residues of Dry-cleaning Textiles / 环境与健康杂志

Environmental safety technologies of dry cleaning and risk assessment of solvent residue control embody the green consumption's social environmental beneficiary. The safety assurance of dry cleaning with the combination of life cycle analysis and clean production offer dry cleaning industries an efficient way to get rid of health, environmental and social problems from hazardous solvent on the basis of pollution prevention and treatment during production and consumption period.